EVALUATION OF COATED TI-6AL-4V ALLOY WITH WC-CO-CR BY CO2 LASER POWDER BED FUSION (L-PBF)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18066/revistaunivap.v32i74.4715Keywords:
CO2 laser L-PBF, WC-Co-Cr, aaeronautical titanium alloy, Ti-alloy wear resistance increasingAbstract
The Ti-6Al-4V alloy with tungsten carbide as a coating combines the unique properties of these two materials to creating a surface of high strength and durability. In this paper, the deposition of cobalt bonded tungsten carbide composite (WC-Co-Cr) was sprayed through the pneumatic gun on titanium-based alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) substrate and after irradiated by CO2 laser; by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) method. In order to evaluate the operating parameters and coating mechanical and physical-elemental properties. To this end, a 70 W CO2 laser was used to irradiate the pre-deposited WC-Co-Cr powder with an energy density of 7x104 W/cm². Considering laser parameters, the best results were obtained for beam scanning velocity about 30 mm/s. Where, was observed the metallurgical bond occurrence, between coating and substrate, promoting a strong adhesion between then. In addition, regions with fully dense deposited layer with thickness of approximately 20 μm was observed. However, presence of pores due to trapped WC decarburization gases was verified. Despite, this issue and others, such as cracks, the coating showed a substantial increase in surface hardness. While a high decrease in friction coefficient and a significant reduction in wear rate
Downloads
References
Amanov, A., & Pyun, Y.-S. (2017). Local heat treatment with and without ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification of Ti-6Al-4V alloy: Mechanical and tribological properties. Surface and Coatings Technology, 326, 343–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.07.064
American Society for Testing & Materials. (2014). ASTM F136: Wrought Titanium-6Aluminum-4Vanadium ELI (Extra Low Interstitial) Alloy for Surgical Implant Applications (UNSR56401). https://doi.org/10.1520/F0136-13R21E01
Bartkowski, D., Matysiak, W., & Wojtko, K. (2018). Stellite-6 surface layers reinforced with hard and refractory WC particles produced on steel for metal forming. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 393, 012093. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/393/1/012093
Callister Jr. W. D., & Rethwisch, D. G. (2014). Materials science and engineering an introduction (9. ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
Chagas, D. C. (2016). Deposition of NiCrAlY on Inconel 718 by CO2 laser. [Thesis Master on Science], Space Sciences and Technologies, Applied Physics and Mathematics of Technological Institute of Aeronautics.
Dhanda, M., Haldar, B., & Saha, P. (2014). Development and Characterization of Hard and Wear Resistant MMC Coating on Ti-6Al-4V Substrate by Laser Cladding. Procedia Materials Science, 6, 1226–1232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.196
Duley, W. W. (1976). CO₂ lasers: Effects and applications. Academic Press.
Dutta Majumdar, J., & Manna, I. (2011). Laser material processing. International Materials Reviews, 56(5–6), 341–388. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743280411Y.0000000003
El-Hamid, H. K. A., Gaber, A. A., Ngida, R. E. A., Sadek, H. E. H., Khattab, R. M., & Mandour, H. S. (2024). Study of microstructure and corrosion behavior of nano-Al2O3 coating layers on TiO2 substrate via polymeric method and microwave combustion. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 18417. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-68566-6
European Committee for Standardization. (2018). BS EN 9100: 2018. Quality management systems - Requirements for aviation, space and defense organizations. CEN.
Figueira, G., R.A.M. Montuori, G.Y. Koga, & P. Gargarella. (2022). Aplicando a otimização de parâmetros para Fusão em Leito de Pó a Laser (L-PBF) ao processamento do aço inoxidável austenítico 316L. Anais do NOXCORR 2022 - Seminário Brasileiro de Aços Inoxidáveis como Solução Contra Corrosão, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, São Paulo. IPT.
Goodarzi, D. M., Pekkarinen, J., & Salminen, A. (2015). Effect of process parameters in laser cladding on substrate melted areas and the substrate melted shape. Journal of Laser Applications, 27(S2), S29201. https://doi.org/10.2351/1.4906376
Guo, C., Chen, J., Zhou, J., Zhao, J., Wang, L., Yu, Y., & Zhou, H. (2012). Effects of WC–Ni content on microstructure and wear resistance of laser cladding Ni-based alloys coating. Surface and Coatings Technology, 206(8–9), 2064–2071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.06.005
Jardim, V. R. (2020). Characterization of laser deposited tungsten carbide coating on titanium alloy TI-6AL-4V. [Thesis Doctor on Science, Space Sciences and Technologies, Applied Physics and Mathematics of Technological Institute of Aeronautics].
Jeyaprakash, N., Yang, C.-H., & Sivasankaran, S. (2019). Laser cladding process of Cobalt and Nickel based hard-micron-layers on 316L-stainless-steel-substrate. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 35(2), 142–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2019.1692354
Kaufmann, M., Zenkert, D., & Mattei, C. (2008). Cost optimization of composite aircraft structures including variable laminate qualities. Composites Science and Technology, 68(13), 2748–2754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.05.024
Kim, C.-S., & Rohrer, G. S. (2004). Geometric and Crystallographic Characterization of WC Surfaces and Grain Boundaries in WC-Co Composites. Interface Science, 12(1), 19–27. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:INTS.0000012291.81411.dc
Krawitz, A. D. (1985). The use of X-ray stress analysis for WC-base cermets. Materials Science and Engineering, 75(1–2), 29–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5416(85)90175-2
Kümmel, D., Linsler, D., Schneider, R., & Schneider, J. (2020). Surface engineering of a titanium alloy for tribological applications by nanosecond-pulsed laser. Tribology International, 150, 106376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106376
Lassner, E., & Schubert, W. (1999). Titanium and Titanium Alloys: Fundamentals and Applications (1. ed.). Wiley.
Li, L., Wang, D., Song, W., Gong, J., Hu, Q., & Zeng, X. (2020). Microstructures and mechanical properties of WCP/Ti-6Al-4V composite coatings by laser melt injection and laser-induction hybrid melt injection. Surface and Coatings Technology, 385, 125371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.125371
Lin, Y.-C., & Lin, Y.-C. (2011). Microstructure and tribological performance of Ti–6Al–4V cladding with SiC powder. Surface and Coatings Technology, 205(23–24), 5400–5405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.06.001
Lisiecki, A., & Klimpel, A. (2008). Diode laser surface modification of Ti6Al4V alloy to improve erosion wear resistance. Archives of Materials Science and Engineering, 32(1). http://www.amse.acmsse.h2.pl/vol32_1/3211.pdf
Makurat‐Kasprolewicz, B., & Ossowska, A. (2023). Electrophoretically deposited titanium and its alloys in biomedical engineering: Recent progress and remaining challenges. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 112(1), e35342. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.35342
Marques, C. M. F. G., Bobrovnitchii, G. S., & Holanda, J. N. F. (2013). Análise de fases por difração de raios X de WC-10%Co dopado com terras-raras obtido sob alta pressão. Matéria (Rio de Janeiro), 18(1), 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-70762013000100003.
Moskalewicz, T., Wendler, B., Zimowski, S., Dubiel, B., & Czyrska-Filemonowicz, A. (2010). Microstructure, micro-mechanical and tribological properties of the nc-WC/a-C nanocomposite coatings magnetron sputtered on non-hardened and oxygen hardened Ti–6Al–4V alloy. Surface and Coatings Technology, 205(7), 2668–2677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.10.039
Obadele, B. A., Andrews, A., Mathew, M. T., Olubambi, P. A., & Pityana, S. (2015). Improving the tribocorrosion resistance of Ti6Al4V surface by laser surface cladding with TiNiZrO 2 composite coating. Applied Surface Science, 345, 99–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.03.152
Pawlowski, L. (2008). The Science and Engineering of Thermal Spray Coatings (2a. ed.). Willey.
Rominiyi, A. L., & Mashinini, P. M. (2024). A critical review of microstructure and mechanical properties of laser welded similar and dissimilar titanium alloy joints. Journal of Advanced Joining Processes, 9, 100191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2024.100191
Santos, J. C. G. (2014). Structuring and deposition of MCrAlY on stainless steel by laser methods. In Proceedings of the III Institute of Advanced Studies Symposium on Science and Technology. SICT-IEAv.
Silva, S. A., Jardim, V. R., Dyer, P. P. O. L., & De Vasconcelos, G. (2024). Structural characterization of tungsten carbide (WC) coatings deposited on 4340 steels by CO2 laser irradiation. Revista Univap, 30(67). https://doi.org/10.18066/revistaunivap.v30i67.4451
Steen, W. M., & Mazumder, J. (2010). Laser Material Processing (4. ed.). Springer.
Teixeira, A. C. G. (2016). Characterisation of Thermo-Electrical Properties of Carbide. [Thesis Master on Materials Engineering, on Lisbon Technical Institute of Lisbon University].
Teleginski, V. (2016). CO2 laser deposition of coatings for thermal protection of aeronautical and industrial turbine blades. [Thesis Doctor on Science, Space Sciences and Technologies, Applied Physics and Mathematics of Technological Institute of Aeronautics].
Tijo, D., & Masanta, M. (2017). Mechanical performance of in-situ TiC-TiB2 composite coating deposited on Ti-6Al-4V alloy by powder suspension electro-discharge coating process. Surface & Coatings Technology, 328 p. 192–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.08.048
Ulusoy, U. (2023). A Review of Particle Shape Effects on Material Properties for Various Engineering Applications: From Macro to Nanoscale. Minerals, 13(1), 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13010091
Upadhyaya, G. S. (1999). Cemented Tungsten Carbides: Production, Properties and Testing (1. ed.). William Andrew.
Vinayo, M. E., Kassabji, F., Guyonnet, J., & Fauchais, P. (1985). Plasma sprayed WC–Co coatings: Influence of spray conditions (atmospheric and low pressure plasma spraying) on the crystal structure, porosity, and hardness. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, 3(6), 2483–2489. https://doi.org/10.1116/1.572863
Volu, R. M., Zilnyk, K., Dyer, S. A. S., Santos, C. L. D., Jakutis Neto, J., & Vasconcelos, G. D. (2023). A New Two-Step Method for Laser Cladding of Silicon Carbide in Wc-Co Substrates. Materials Research, 26, e20220195. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-mr-2022-0195
Wang, D. S., Tian, Z. J., Shen, L. D., & Huang, Y. H. (2013). Preparation of Thick Ceramic Coating by Laser Multi-Layer Cladding I - Crack Control. Advanced Materials Research, 785–786, 906–909. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.785-786.906
Weng, F., Chen, C., & Yu, H. (2014). Research status of laser cladding on titanium and its alloys: A review. Materials & Design, 58, 412–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.01.077
Yetim, A. F., Celik, A., & Alsaran, A. (2010). Improving tribological properties of Ti6Al4V alloy with duplex surface treatment. Surface and Coatings Technology, 205(2), 320–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.06.048
Zhao, H., Zhao, C., Xie, W., Wu, D., Du, B., Zhang, X., Wen, M., Ma, R., Li, R., Jiao, J., Chang, C., Yan, X., & Sheng, L. (2023). Research Progress of Laser Cladding on the Surface of Titanium and Its Alloys. Materials, 16(8), 3250. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16083250
Zhao, Y., Sun, J., & Li, J. (2015). Study on crack sensitivity and tribological characterisation of functionally gradient material multi-layer by laser cladding with powder mixture of Ni-based alloy and tungsten carbide. International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering, 9(4), 370. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSURFSE.2015.070814
Zwerdeling R. (2013). Operational austerity. AERO Magazine, (228). https://aeromagazine.uol.com.br/artigo/austeridade-operacional_970.html
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Revista Univap
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International.
This license allows others to distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the original creation.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
